She was born to a prominent and pious couple in Old Castille, a city of Avila, Spain. St. Teresa of Avila Church Phone: 412-367-9001 Fax: 412-366-8415 1000 Avila Court, Pittsburgh, PA 15237 Betwee… [32] She describes a number of striking similarities between Descartes' seminal work Meditations on First Philosophy and Teresa's Interior Castle. Let nothing disturb you. Her definitions have been used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. She was a very religious child Her life began with the culmination of the Protestant Reformation, and ended shortly after the Council of Trent. [citation needed], Around the same time, she received a copy of the full Spanish translation of St. Augustine's autobiographical work Confessions, which helped her resolve and to tend to her own bouts of scruples. [citation needed], In March 1563, after Teresa had moved to the new convent house, she received papal sanction for her primary principles of absolute poverty and renunciation of ownership of property, which she proceeded to formulate into a "constitution". [16], After completing her education, she initially resisted the idea of a religious vocation, but after a stay with her uncle and other relatives, she relented. For the first five years, Teresa remained in seclusion, mostly engaged in prayer and writing. Her plan was the revival of the earlier, stricter monastic rules, supplemented by new regulations including the three disciplines of ceremonial flagellation prescribed for the Divine Office every week, and the discalceation of the religious. Her reading of medieval mystics, consisted of directions for examinations of conscience and for spiritual self-concentration and inner contemplation known in mystical nomenclature as oratio recollectionis or oratio mentalis. She was a mystic and author of spiritual writings and poems. St. Teresa’s mother raised her as a pious young girl and the young Teresa loved reading the lives of the saints, particularly the martyrs. It means frequently taking time to be alone with Him whom we know loves us. [5], Teresa, who had been a social celebrity in her home province, was dogged by early family losses and ill health. It was dedicated to St. Teresa of Avila in a memorable ceremony by Archbishop Albert Daeger of Santa Fe. | Grovetown, GA 30813 | (706) 863-4956 Columbia County, Georgia In 1558 Teresa began to consider the restoration of Carmelite life to its original observance of austerity, which had relaxed in the 14th and 15th centuries. He bought a knighthood and assimilated successfully into Christian society. Edict of Nantes (revoked 1685) Still, according to her own account, she waffled spiritually. She continued for 15 years in a state divided between a worldly and a divine spirit, until, in 1555, she underwent a religious awakening. Such intrusions in the solitude essential to develop and sustain contemplative prayer so grieved Teresa that she longed to intervene. Size: a little under 5/8 inch Material: Sterling silver This lovely little medal features St Teresa of Avila gazing at a crucifix while holding a quill pen and writing a letter. [12], Teresa's mother brought her up as a dedicated Christian. Teresa is revered as the Doctor of Prayer. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The body was exhumed again on 25 November 1585 to be moved to Ávila and found to be incorrupt. In 1571, Teresa received orders from the Carmelite Provincial to return to the Convent of the Incarnations in Avila, as prioress. Welcome to St. Teresa of Avila! Guimara de Ulloa, a woman of wealth and a friend, supplied the funds for the project. When only a child of seven, she ran away from home in the hope of being martyred … [23], Several years later, her appeals by letter to King Philip II of Spain secured relief. Summarized in his book Consoling the Heart of Jesus, Father Michael Gaitley, MIC writes the following three-part definition of St. Teresa of Avila’s prayer of recollection, “(1) a particularly effective form of prayer that always lies within our power to practice (2) by which we keep the Lord interiorly present (3) by gazing on him or speaking with him there.” One papal legate described her as a "restless wanderer, disobedient, and stubborn femina who, under the title of devotion, invented bad doctrines, moving outside the cloister against the rules of the Council of Trent and her prelates; teaching as a master against Saint Paul's orders that women should not teach."[6]. There will be a deanery wide youth retreat on Friday, March 6 and Saturday, March 7 and will be held at St. Teresa’s of Avila in Grovetown, GA. Updates? Santiago's supporters (Santiaguistas) fought back and eventually won the argument, but Teresa of Ávila remained far more popular at the local level. A grander tomb on the original site was raised in 1598 and the body was moved to a new chapel in 1616. On St. Peter's Day in 1559, Teresa became firmly convinced that Jesus Christ presented Himself to her in bodily form, though invisible. There is no other proper and accurate way to understand this CATHOLIC saint and Doctor of the CATHOLIC Church by openly stating in both the forward and on the back cover that her writings can be “free from any religious dogma.” With help from St. John of the Cross, she improved the spiritual condition of the community. In journeys that covered hundreds of miles, she made exhausting missions and was fatally stricken en route to Ávila from Burgos, Spain. St. Teresa of Ávila suffered ill health for many years of her life. As the Catholic distinction between mortal and venial sin became clear to her, she came to understand the awful terror of sin and the inherent nature of original sin. Teresa of Avila. [43][page needed]. Trust God that you are exactly where you are meant to be. Teresa, broken in health, was then directed to resume the reform. The Carmelite general, to whom she had been misrepresented, ordered her to retire to a convent in Castile and to cease founding additional convents; Juan was subsequently imprisoned at Toledo in 1577. 4.9 out of 5 stars 19 Her recognized written masterpieces on the progress of the Christian soul toward God through prayer and contemplation are The Way of Perfection (1583), The Interior Castle (1588), Spiritual Relations, Exclamations of the Soul to God (1588), and Conceptions on the Love of God. March 6-7, 2015 at St. Teresa’s of Avila – ~HS and MS youth invited~ *Registration is required for this event. St. Teresa of Avila spent most of her life in a convent, was never formally schooled, and was repulsed at the idea of attaining public fame. The text helped her realize that holiness was indeed possible and found solace in how such a great saint was once a sinner. Her parents were both pious Catholics and in some ways inspired their daughter to take up a life of prayer. In 1626, at the request of Philip IV of Spain, the Castilian parliament[f] elected Teresa "without lacking one vote" as copatron saint of Castile. Here are some "breadcrumbs" of wisdom that she's left along my spiritual path Let nothing disturb you, Let nothing frighten you, All things are Teresa was born in 1515 in Ávila. Teresa of Avila born. It is time to meet one another."[25]. She left a record of the arduous project in her Libro de las Fundaciones. This pattern continued fairly regularly into her adult life, until the weight In her mature years, she became the central figure of a movement of spiritual and monastic renewal borne out of an inner conviction and honed by ascetic practice. She was also at the center of deep ecclesiastical controversy as she took on the pervasive laxity in her order against the background of the Protestant reformation sweeping over Europe and the Spanish Inquisition asserting church discipline in her home country. In 1536, aged 20,[17] much to the disappointment of her pious and austere father, she decided to enter the local easy-going Carmelite Convent of the Incarnation, significantly built on top of land that had been used previously as a burial ground for Jews. He came to Grants once a month until 1933 when Mass began weekly in Grants. She resolved to found a "reformed" Carmelite convent, correcting the laxity which she had found at the Incarnation convent and elsewhere besides. This article considers some of her best counsels on prayer. St. Teresa of Avila Catholic Church 4921 Columbia Rd. Of her poems, 31 are extant; of her letters, 458 are extant. The daily invasion of visitors, many of high social and political rank, disturbed the atmosphere with frivolous concerns and vacuous conversation. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. She took up religious reading on contemplative prayer, especially Osuna’s Third Spiritual Alphabet (1527). Her uncle brought them home, when he spotted them just outside the town walls. St. Teresa was born in Avila, Spain in 1515. In total, seventeen convents, all but one founded by her, and as many men's monasteries, were owed to her reforms over twenty years. John Baptist Rossi, the Carmelite prior general from Rome, went to Ávila in 1567 and approved the reform, directing Teresa to found more convents and to establish monasteries. The fact that she wrote down virtually everything that happened to her during her religious life means that an invaluable and exceedingly rare medical record from the 16th century has been preserved. [30], Teresa, who reported visions of Jesus and Mary, was a strong believer in the efficacy of holy water, claiming to have used it with success to repel evil spirits and temptations. At the time she was considered a candidate for national patron saint of Spain, but this designation was awarded to St. James the Apostle. St. Teresa of Avila offers the best advice on prayer and awakens the desire to pray. She is credited with the reform of the Carmelite order, and she and St. John of the Cross together established the Discalced (“shoeless”) Carmelites. A Carmelite nun, prominent Spanish mystic, religious reformer, author, theologian of the contemplative life and of mental prayer, she earned the rare distinction of being declared a Doctor of the Church, but not until over four centuries after her death. Meanwhile, her friends and associates were subjected to further attacks. Less than twenty years before Teresa was born in 1515, Columbus opened up the Western Hemisphere to European colonization. Comparing the contemplative soul to a castle with seven successive interior courts, or chambers, analogous to the. Other associations with Teresa beyond her writings continue to exert a wide influence. She is a principal character of the opera, Saint Teresa is the subject of the song "Theresa's Sound-World" by, Saint Teresa was the inspiration for one of, Teresa was the subject of a portrait by the Flemish master, Sir. In 1575, while she was at the Sevilla (Seville) convent, a jurisdictional dispute erupted between the friars of the restored Primitive Rule, known as the Discalced (or “Unshod”) Carmelites, and the observants of the Mitigated Rule, the Calced (or “Shod”) Carmelites. Author of numerous spiritual classics, she was elevated to doctor of the church by Pope Paul VI in 1970. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The St Teresa’s Parish Bulletin for Sunday, 27th December 2020 Sunday 27 December 2020, The Holy Family of Jesus, Mary & Joseph. Patience gains all things. The body still remains there, except for the following parts: In 1622, forty years after her death, she was canonized by Pope Gregory XV. If you have God you will want for nothing. It was a source of embarrassment to her and she bade her sisters hold her down when this occurred. A formal papal decree adopting the split from the old order was issued in 1580. In 1670, her coffin was plated in silver. Previously married to Catalina del Peso y Henao, with whom he had three children, in 1509, Sánchez de Cepeda married Teresa's mother, Beatriz de Ahumada y Cuevas, in Gotarrendura. Following a number of resolutions adopted at the general chapter at Piacenza, the governing body of the order forbade all further founding of reformed convents. [b] Active during the Catholic Reformation, she reformed the Carmelite Orders of both women and men. E. Rhodes, "Teresa de Jesus's Book and the Reform of the Religious Man in Sixteenth Century Spain," in Laurence Lux-Sterritt and Carmen Mangion (eds). She proved at an early age that she was an intelligent and thoughtful person. Turning to The Mystics Teresa of Avila: Session 1 Monday, June 22, 2020 This is the first session that focuses on the mystic, Teresa of Avila. [45][page needed] Saint James the Greater kept the title of patron saint for the Spanish people, and the most Blessed Virgin Mary under the title Immaculate Conception as the sole patroness for the entire Spanish Kingdom. These visions lasted almost uninterrupted for more than two years. Resources about Teresa of Avila, prayer cards, postcards, leaflets and CD's can also be ordered through the website. However, not until 27 September 1970 did Pope Paul VI proclaim Teresa the first female Doctor of the Church in recognition of her centuries-long spiritual legacy to Catholicism.[9][10]. Her written contributions, which include her autobiography, The Life of Teresa of Jesus and her seminal work The Interior Castle, are today an integral part of Spanish Renaissance literature. St Teresa of Avila Parish is a welcoming Catholic Church that has been serving the Summit, NJ community for over 150 years. [37][38], Though there are no written historical accounts establishing that Teresa of Ávila ever owned the famous Infant Jesus of Prague statue, according to tradition, such a statue is said to have been in her possession and Teresa is reputed to have given it to a noblewoman travelling to Prague. Teresa of Avila is a CATHOLIC saint, receiving visions of Our Lord within the CATHOLIC religion. She was the first woman to be so honored. The ultimate preoccupation of Teresa's mystical thought, as consistently reflected in her writings, is the ascent of the soul to God in four stages (see: The Autobiography Chs. Teresa, having read the letters of Jerome, decided to become a nun, and when she was 20, she entered the Carmelite convent in Avila. Within two years her health collapsed, and she was an invalid for three years, during which time she developed a love for mental prayer. Read 354 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Another friend of Teresa, Jerónimo Gracián, the Carmelite visitator of the older observance of Andalusia and apostolic commissioner, and later provincial of the Teresian order, gave her powerful support in founding monasteries at Segovia (1571), Beas de Segura (1574), Seville (1575), and Caravaca de la Cruz (Murcia, 1576). Inspired by the stories of the saints, at the age of seven, Teresa recruited her younger brother Roderigo as a travel companion and set out for Africa where they intended to become martyrs for the faith. [8] Since her death, her reputation has grown, leading to multiple portrayals. “It is foolish to think that we will enter heaven without entering into ourselves.” ― St. Teresa of Avila. Information below. They include: The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it...[c], This vision was the inspiration for one of Bernini's most famous works, the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa at Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome. St. Teresa was born Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada on March 28, 1515, in Ávila, Spain. 2. She convinced two Carmelite friars, John of the Cross and Father Anthony of Jesus to help with this. Well then, may your will be done. They include: Christia Mercer, Columbia University philosophy professor, claims that the seventeenth-century Frenchman René Descartes lifted some of his most influential ideas from Teresa of Ávila, who, fifty years before Descartes, wrote popular books about the role of philosophical reflection in intellectual growth. St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) Teresa lived in an age of exploration as well as political, social and religious upheaval. The Divine Adventure: St. Teresa of Avila's Journeys and Foundations. In the tenor of the ancient practice of Lectio Divina, James Finley begins with a passage from the sixth mansion of Teresa’s The Interior Castle, and reflects on the qualitative essence of the spirit of this text and finishes with a meditative practice. About Teresa of Ávila The religious reformer known as Saint Teresa of Ávila was born Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada on March 28, 1515 in Ávila, Spain. [23] This allowed the reform to resume. Born Dona Teresa Sanchez Cepeda Davila y Ahumada, Teresa was an active child with a big imagination and great sensitivity of heart. St. Teresa of Avila Three Book Treasury - Interior Castle, The Way of Perfection, and The Book of Her Life (Autobiography) by St. Teresa of Avila,, E. Allison Peers, et al. Her life began with the culmination of the Protestant [23], During the last three years of her life, Teresa founded convents at Villanueva de la Jara in northern Andalusia (1580), Palencia (1580), Soria (1581), Burgos, and Granada (1582). For the creation of the work and an analysis of its violation of religious decorum, see Franco Mormando's article, Alba de Tormes, sepulcro de Santa Teresa – Tomb of Saint Teresa, A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Asín on mystical analogies in Saint Teresa of Avila and Islam, Saint Teresa of Ávila, patron saint archive, "First female Doctor of the Church to be honored this week", "The Journey with Jesus: Poems and Prayers", "Saint Therese of the Child Jesus of the Holy Face", "St. Therese of Avila by Peter Paul Rubens", Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, "Margaret of the Most Holy Sacrament (Margaret Parigot, 1619-1648)", "Readings & Reflections: Saturday of the Twenty-eighth Week in Ordinary Time & St. Teresa of Avila, October 15,2016", "El desafío editorial de las cartas de Teresa de Jesús", "Proclamazione di Santa Teresa d'Ávila Dottore della Chiesa", "Proclamazione di Santa Caterina da Siena Dottore della Chiesa", Books written by Saint Teresa of Avila, including Saint John of the Cross, Basilica of Saint Teresa in Alba de Tormes, Life of St. Teresa of Jesus, of The Order of Our Lady of Carmel, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa_of_Ávila&oldid=998536577, Burials in the Community of Castile and León, Christian female saints of the Early Modern era, Early modern Christian devotional writers, Founders of Catholic religious communities, Spanish Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Her reforms met with determined opposition and interest from the, Rome – right foot and part of the upper jaw, Museum of the Church of the Annunciation, Alba de Tormes – left arm and heart. According to the liturgical calendar then in use, she died on the 15th in any case. God alone never changes. "[citation needed], Teresa, who became a celebrity in her town dispensing wisdom from behind the convent grille, was also known for her raptures, which sometimes involved levitation. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The spiritual life of the woman known as St. Teresa of Avila was marked by periods of intense mystic ecstasy, followed by the cooling of her Catholic spirituality. This prompted her to embrace a deeper devotion to the Virgin Mary as her spiritual mother. Teresa of Avila is a CATHOLIC saint, receiving visions of Our Lord within the CATHOLIC religion. Among the 150 nuns living there, the observance of cloister, designed to protect and strengthen spiritual practice and prayer, became so lax that it appeared to lose its purpose. Each of the dorms at Notre […] Teresa of Avila was one of the great saints of the Church. Saint Teresa of Avila Quotes (15) - Our Souls May Lose Their Peac... - Quotes - Quotes Whenever We Think Of Christ, We Should Recall The Love That Led Him To Bestow On Us So Many Graces And Favors, And Also The Great Love God Showed In Giving Us In Christ A Pledge Of His Love; For Love Calls For Love In Return. A selection of multimedia resources are available on our multimedia page and via the Teresa 500 You Tube channel. by Linda Frasier, O.C.D.S When St Teresa of Avila established her foundations of the Carmelite reform, there were three virtues which she insisted be faithfully lived as part of her communities: love of neighbor, detachment from created things and humility. St. Teresa (1515-1582) was born in Avila and died in Alba, Spain. She died in 1582, just as Catholic Europe was making the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which required the excision of the dates of 5–14 October from the calendar. Interior Castle book. Between 1567 and 1571, reformed convents were established at Medina del Campo, Malagón, Valladolid, Toledo, Pastrana, Salamanca, and Alba de Tormes. October 15 is the feast of St. Teresa of Ávila (1515-1582), probably the female saint and mystic with the greatest influence in the world. [19], The memory of this episode served as an inspiration throughout the rest of her life, and motivated her lifelong imitation of the life and suffering of Jesus, epitomized in the adage often associated with her: "Lord, either let me suffer or let me die. However, powerful patrons, including the local bishop, coupled with the impression of well ordered subsistence and purpose, turned animosity into approval. Although based in part on Teresa's description of her mystical transverberation in her autobiography, Bernini's depiction of the event is highly eroticized, especially when compared to the entire preceding artistic Teresian tradition. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. God alone suffices. [4] The movement she initiated was later joined by the younger Spanish Carmelite friar and mystic John of the Cross. St. Teresa’s feast day is October 15. St. Teresa of Ávila, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, original name Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada, (born March 28, 1515, Ávila, Spain—died October 4, 1582, Alba de Tormes; canonized 1622; feast day October 15), Spanish nun, one of the great mystics and religious women of the Roman Catholic Church, and author of spiritual classics. Teresa established four more convents in the mid 1570s. This is the fifth session that focuses on the mystic, Teresa of Avila. The latter was finally bestowed upon her by Pope Paul VI on 27 September 1970,[9] along with Saint Catherine of Siena,[26] making them the first women to be awarded the distinction. Before the body was re-interred one of her hands was cut off, wrapped in a scarf and sent to Ávila. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. When writing the vision down she experienced the same bone-chilling feeling as she had at the time it took place. Despite frail health and great difficulties, Teresa spent the rest of her life establishing and nurturing 16 more convents throughout Spain. St. Teresa of Avila Three Book Treasury - Interior Castle, The Way of Perfection, and The Book of Her Life (Autobiography) by St. Teresa of Avila, , E. Allison Peers , et al. Her mother died in 1529, and, despite her father’s opposition, Teresa entered, probably in 1535, the Carmelite Convent of the Incarnation at Ávila, Spain. Teresa was born in 1515 of an aristocratic Castilian family in Avila, and was sent to Augustinian nuns to be educated. Teresa's writings are regarded as among the most remarkable in the mystical literature of the Catholic Church. She also became conscious of her own natural impotence in confronting sin and the necessity of absolute subjection to God. She did not want to assume this responsibility and the sisters did not want her as their superior. An edict from Pope Gregory XIII allowed the appointment of a special provincial for the newer branch of the Carmelite religious, and a royal decree created a "protective" board of four assessors for the reform. Although religiously inclined from a young age, she developed a teenage interest in fashion and romance. She began to experience instances of religious ecstasy.[12]. [7] Another Catholic tradition holds that Saint Teresa is personally associated with devotion to the Infant Jesus of Prague, a statue she may have owned. I first encountered her when I was an undergraduate at the University of Notre Dame. Trust In God, Where You … For more details see our resources pages. The first Mass was celebrated on September 29, 1968, in a house located at 3327 Crane Ferry Road, about two blocks from the present Church. Teresa states: "Contemplative prayer (oración mental), in my opinion is nothing other than a close sharing between friends. Two years after she was born, Luther started the Protestant Reformation. During this final stage, she said she frequently experienced a rich "blessing of tears". As a young child, Teresa showed signs of a deeply religious nature; she would often retreat into silence for prayer and would enjoy giving alms to the poor. Iconography of St Teresa of Avila, María José Pinilla Martín, 2013 Saint Teresa’s Biretta and Infused Science, Antonio Rubial Garcia, 2017 1922 Santa Teresa doctora por la universidad de Salamanca, José Luis Gutiérrez Robledo There she fell seriously ill, was in a coma for a while, and partially paralyzed Like many others, she also placed her hope on temporary things, without focusing on the eternal God she followed, but one day, years after entering the convent, Her Life of the Mother Teresa of Jesus (1611) is autobiographical; the Book of the Foundations (1610) describes the establishment of her convents. Father Gracián cut the little finger off the hand and – according to his own account – kept it with him until it was taken by the occupying Ottoman Turks, from whom he had to redeem it with a few rings and 20 reales. They were also prolific writers who could communicate their experiences and analyze them for the…, …of Spanish mysticism, however, were Teresa of Ávila (1515–82) and her friend John of the Cross (1542–91), both members of the reform movement in the Carmelite order. Overcoming all difficulties she achieved this and founded the discalced Carmelites. Way of Perfection - Teresa of Avila - 洋書の購入は楽天ブックスで。全品送料無料！購入毎に「楽天ポイント」が貯まってお得！みんなのレビュー・感想も満載。 Saint Teresa of Avila, Spanish nun, one of the great mystics, reformers, and religious women of the Roman Catholic Church. We are a Eucharistic community rooted in Roman Catholic Traditions, and gifted by God with time, talent and treasure. Tomás Alvarez, OCD. Learn more about her life, mysticism, religious reforms, and legacy. She was the originator of the Carmelite Reform, which restored and emphasized the austerity and contemplative character of primitive Carmelite life. In another vision, a seraph drove the fiery point of a golden lance repeatedly through her heart, causing an ineffable spiritual and bodily pain: I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the point there seemed to be a little fire. Fascinated by accounts of the lives of the saints, she ran away from home at age seven, with her brother Rodrigo, to seek martyrdom in the fight against the Moors.