révolution anglaise 1848

The revolutions inspired lasting reform in Denmark, as well as the Netherlands. [citation needed], Large swaths of the nobility were discontented with royal absolutism or near-absolutism. Weyland, Kurt. In Britain, while the middle classes had been pacified by their inclusion in the extension of the franchise in the Reform Act 1832, the consequential agitations, violence, and petitions of the Chartist movement came to a head with their peaceful petition to Parliament of 1848. Nous sollicitons de votre indulgence pour les quelques erreurs, coquilles qui restent. The new king, Frederick VII, met the liberals' demands and installed a new Cabinet that included prominent leaders of the National Liberal Party.[31]. The revolutions of 1848 were followed by new centrist coalitions dominated by liberals nervous of the threat of working-class socialism, as seen in the Piedmontese Connubio under Cavour. This was notably the case for the Netherlands, where King William II decided to alter the Dutch constitution to reform elections and voluntarily reduce the power of the monarchy. Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine & Robert Baldwin. Le 25 février 1848, à trois heures du soir le Maire de Nantes fit afficher une dépêche télégraphique annonçant l’abdication de Louis-Philippe et une proclamation engageant la population au calme. "Progress and Its Limits: The Revolution of 1848 and European Jewry". Share your thoughts Complete your review. We have been beaten and humiliated ... scattered, imprisoned, disarmed and gagged. In 1846, there had been an uprising of Polish nobility in Austrian Galicia, which was only countered when peasants, in turn, rose up against the nobles. ", CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Sperber, Jonathan. These revolutions started in January with a Palermo republican uprising. But a decade of rule by the center-right Moderates had recently produced a constitutional reform (1845), prompting fears that the Moderates sought to reach out to Absolutists and permanently exclude the Progressives. They were confronted by Belgian troops at the hamlet of Risquons-Tout and defeated. There were 400 French food riots during 1846 to 1847, while German socio-economic protests increased from 28 during 1830 to 1839, to 103 during 1840 to 1847. "1848 – One Hundred Years After,", This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 21:07. Deák won autonomy for Hungary within a dual monarchy; a Russian czar freed the serfs; and the British manufacturing classes moved toward the freedoms of the People's Charter.[58]. Index. After the middle of the decade, a severe economic depression halted industrial expansion and aggravated urban unemployment. Despite its rapid gains and popular backing, the new administration was marked by conflicts between the radical wing and more conservative forces, especially over the issue of land reform. The demands of the Diet were agreed upon on 18 March by Emperor Ferdinand. After managing to rally a degree of sympathy from Ottoman political leaders, the Revolution was ultimately isolated by the intervention of Russian diplomats. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century. Mots-clés – révolution anglaise. [32] Although army officers were dissatisfied, they accepted the new arrangement which, in contrast to the rest of Europe, was not overturned by reactionaries. Il titolo dovrebbe essere di almeno 4 caratteri. Previously a separate kingdom, Ireland was incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. Cet événement a eu une portée considérable, en facilitant l'accouchement d'un monde moderne caractérisé notamment par son régime parlementaire, son hostilité à l'arbitraire et son attachement irrévocable à la propriété privée. Two successive abortive coups weakened the new government, and its international status was always contested by Russia. [citation needed] The revolutions spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in France in February. È possibile eliminare uno o più prodotti, oppure verranno rimossi automaticamente prima del pagamento. Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the introduction of representative democracy in the Netherlands. Alle origini della N... Dicci quale ti è piaciuto di più e quale di meno, usare un linguaggio sgradevole e scurrile, rivelare anticipazioni o prezzi dei libri. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979. In some countries, uprisings had already occurred demanding similar reforms to the Revolutions of 1848, but little success. Hai inviato la seguente valutazione e recensione. It ended the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic. Among other things, these reforms confiscated religious property, aimed to promote economic development and to stabilize a nascent republican government. There were two divisions which were formed. [20] They demanded a constitution, universal manhood suffrage, press freedom, freedom of expression and other democratic rights, the establishment of civilian militia, liberation of peasants, liberalization of the economy, abolition of tariff barriers and the abolition of monarchical power structures in favor of the establishment of republican states, or at least the restriction of the prince power in the form of constitutional monarchies. Its goals were administrative autonomy, abolition of serfdom, and popular self-determination. [30], Denmark had been governed by a system of absolute monarchy since the 17th century. [48], In the Isle of Man, there were ongoing efforts to reform the self-elected House of Keys, but no revolution took place. In Prussia, August von Bethmann-Hollweg's Preußisches Wochenblatt newspaper (founded 1851) acted as a popular outlet for modernising Prussian conservative statesmen and journalists against the reactionary Kreuzzeitung faction. [citation needed], In Spanish Latin America, the Revolution of 1848 appeared in New Granada, where Colombian students, liberals, and intellectuals demanded the election of General José Hilario López. Pour l'histoire . Non in Italia? Austria and Prussia eliminated feudalism by 1850, improving the lot of the peasants. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states. "Recollections," 1893, Weibull, Jörgen. "The Emergence of the Extreme Left in Lower Languedoc, 1848–1851: Social and Economic Factors in Politics,", Hamerow, Theodore S. "History and the German Revolution of 1848. Its main goal was the administrative division of Galicia into Western (Polish) and Eastern (Ruthenian/Ukrainian) parts within the borders of the Habsburg Empire, and formation of a separate region with a political self-governance.[39]. 'Socialism' in the 1840s was a term without a consensus definition, meaning different things to different people, but was typically used within a context of more power for workers in a system based on worker ownership of the means of production. Hai segnalato con successo questa recensione. ", Hewitson, Mark. Un livre qui permet de mieux comprendre notre voisin le plus proche et pourtant le plus dissemblable. " Russia would later free the serfs on 19 February 1861. During the decade of the 1840s, mechanized production in the textile industry brought about inexpensive clothing that undercut the handmade products of German tailors. Read "La révolution anglaise" by Bernard COTTRET available from Rakuten Kobo. The revolutions all ultimately ended in failure and repression, and they were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals. Despite forceful and often violent efforts of established and reactionary powers to keep them down, disruptive ideas gained popularity: democracy, liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, and socialism. La révolution, 150 ans plus tôt qu'en France. La révolution, 150 ans plus tôt qu'en France. After the arrest of the Young Ireland leaders, the rebellion collapsed, though intermittent fighting continued for the next year, It is sometimes called the Famine Rebellion (since it took place during the Great Famine). Reinhard Rürup has described the 1848 Revolutions as a turning point in the development of modern antisemitism through the development of conspiracies that presented Jews as representative both of the forces of social revolution (apparently typified in Joseph Goldmark and Adolf Fischhof of Vienna) and of international capital, as seen in the 1848 report from Eduard von Müller-Tellering, the Viennese correspondent of Marx's Neue Rheinische Zeitung, which declared: "tyranny comes from money and the money belongs to the Jews".[70]. The European Revolutions of 1848 and particularly the French Second Republic prompted the Spanish radical movement to adopt positions incompatible with the existing constitutional regime, notably republicanism. They reaffirmed the sovereignty of the King of Denmark, while prohibiting union with Denmark. Spurred by pan-German sentiment, the Germans of Schleswig took up arms to protest a new policy announced by Denmark's National Liberal government, which would have fully integrated the duchy into Denmark. Parts of Prussia were beginning to industrialize. A Romanian liberal and Romantic nationalist uprising began in June in the principality of Wallachia. Impostazioni di privacy While no major political upheavals occurred in the Ottoman Empire as such, political unrest did occur in some of its vassal states. The Debate on Property during the First English Revolution 1647-1659 : A Historical Perspective The term "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history.The first to be so called—by Whig historians—was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established.. Nevertheless, it had a major effect in freeing the serfs. Leggi «La révolution anglaise» di Bernard COTTRET disponibile su Rakuten Kobo. Although Hungary would remain part of the monarchy through personal union with the emperor, a constitutional government would be founded. The Italian and German states seemed to be rapidly forming unified nations. Par son talent et sa profondeur, Bernard Cottret renouvelle les perspectives et éclaire notre présent, au moment où l'Europe elle-même est entrée dans l'âge du soupçon. During this year, the country was going through the Second Carlist War. "Scandinavia, History of. The German states sent in an army, but Danish victories in 1849 led to the Treaty of Berlin (1850) and the London Protocol (1852). Artisans and unemployed workers destroyed industrial machines when they threatened to give employers more power over them. La Révolution anglaise Thursday, 22 November 2012. The middle-class and working-class components of the Revolution split, and in the end, the conservative aristocracy defeated it, forcing many liberal Forty-Eighters into exile. The Diet then passed the April laws that established equality before the law, a legislature, a hereditary constitutional monarchy, and an end to the transfer and restrictions of land use.[35]. "[28], The "March Revolution" in the German states took place in the south and the west of Germany, with large popular assemblies and mass demonstrations. The empire, ruled from Vienna, included Austrians, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Croats, Slovaks, Ukrainians/Ruthenians, Romanians, Serbs and Italians, all of whom attempted in the course of the revolution to achieve either autonomy, independence, or even hegemony over other nationalities. Cent trente-quatre ans avant les États-Unis, cent cinquante ans avant la France, l'Angleterre accomplit sa double révolution politique et sociale. La recensione deve essere di almeno 50 caratteri. Puoi leggerlo utilizzando uno qualsiasi dei seguenti dispositivi o una app Kobo: Rakuten Kobo utilizza i cookie per migliorare la tua esperienza online offrendo un'esperienza personalizzata basata sulla tua cronologia di navigazione. They landed in Galveston, Texas and created what became the German Texan community. The uprisings were led by temporary coalitions of reformers, the middle classes ("the bourgeoisie") and workers. We swear, we shall be slaves no more". Pouthas, Charles. Lincoln, "Russia and the European Revolutions of 1848", Krzysztof Makowski, "Poles, Germans and Jews in the Grand Duchy of Poznan in 1848: From coexistence to conflict. Nationalism had developed a broader appeal during the pre-1848 period, as seen in the František Palacký's 1836 History of the Czech Nation, which emphasised a national lineage of conflict with the Germans, or the popular patriotic Liederkranz (song-circles) that were held across Germany: patriotic and belligerent songs about Schleswig had dominated the Würzburg national song festival in 1845.[22]. [56] The reforms led directly to the so-called Three Years War or Reform War of 1857. Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. [33] It started on 15 March 1848, when Hungarian patriots organized mass demonstrations in Pest and Buda (today Budapest) which forced the imperial governor to accept their 12 points of demands, which included the demand for freedom of press, an independent Hungarian ministry residing in Buda-Pest and responsible to a popularly elected parliament, the formation of a National Guard, complete civil and religious equality, trial by jury, a national bank, a Hungarian army, the withdrawal of foreign (Austrian) troops from Hungary, the freeing of political prisoners, and the union with Transylvania. Shortly after the revolution in France, Belgian migrant workers living in Paris were encouraged to return to Belgium to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. Search. This was largely the case for Belgium (the Belgian Revolution in 1830–1); Portugal (the Liberal Wars of 1828–34); and Switzerland (the Sonderbund War of 1847). [6] Additionally, an uprising by democratic forces against Prussia, planned but not actually carried out, occurred in Greater Poland. The uprisings were poorly coordinated, but had in common a rejection of traditional, autocratic political structures in the 39 independent states of the German Confederation. Democrats looked to 1848 as a democratic revolution, which in the long run ensured liberty, equality, and fraternity. The fate of European democracy has slipped from our hands. Penguin Group (Canada). The German population in Schleswig and Holstein revolted, inspired by the Protestant clergy. Many in the bourgeoisie feared and distanced themselves from the working poor. Histoire de la révolution de 1848 by Garnier-Pagès, M. (Louis-Antoine), 1803-1878. "The Democratic Left in Germany, 1848,", Ginsborg, Paul. Switzerland, already an alliance of republics, also saw an internal struggle. Deak, Istvan. [16] These reduced harvests were accompanied by a steep rise in prices (the cost of wheat more than doubled in France and Habsburg Italy). La première révolution anglaise (1642-1651) appelée « Grande Rébellion », renversa le roi Charles I er et vit l'accession au pouvoir d'Oliver Cromwell. [24], In France bloody street battles exploded between the middle class reformers and the working class radicals. In the long-term, the uprising stimulated nationalism among both the Poles and the Germans and brought civil equality to the Jews.[41]. In September 1848 by agreement with the Ottomans, Russia invaded and put down the revolution. Harvests of rye in the Rhineland were 20% of previous levels, while the Czech potato harvest was reduced by half. Saturday, 17 November 2012. It expressed wishes that in those regions of Galicia where the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) population represented majority, the Ukrainian language should be taught at schools and used to announce official decrees for the peasantry; local officials were expected to understand it and the Ruthenian clergy was to be equalized in their rights with the clergy of all other denominations. This revolution was driven by nationalist and republican ideals among the French general public, who believed the people should rule themselves. Technological change was revolutionizing the life of the working classes. The demands for constitutional monarchy, led by the National Liberals, ended with a popular march to Christiansborg on 21 March. King Christian VIII, a moderate reformer but still an absolutist, died in January 1848 during a period of rising opposition from farmers and liberals. 'Liberalism' fundamentally meant consent of the governed, restriction of church and state power, republican government, freedom of the press and the individual. The most serious threat of revolutionary contagion, however, was posed by Belgian émigré groups from France. Informativa sulla privacy. Taken together, the two revolutions can be thought of as echoing aspects of the French Second Republic: the Spanish Revolution of 1852, as a revolt by Radicals and Liberals against the oligarchical, conservative-liberal parliamentary monarchy of the 1830s, mirrored the French Revolution of 1848; while the Spanish Revolution of 1854, as a counter-revolution of conservative-liberals under a military strongman, had echoes of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup against the French Second Republic. [66][67][68], Governments after 1848 were forced into managing the public sphere and popular sphere with more effectiveness, resulting in the increased prominence of the Prussian Zentralstelle für Pressangelegenheiten (Central Press Agency, established 1850), the Austrian Zensur-und polizeihofstelle, and the French Direction Générale de la Librairie (1856).[69]. A popular press extended political awareness, and new values and ideas such as popular liberalism, nationalism and socialism began to emerge. Nevertheless, there were a few immediate successes for some revolutionary movements, notably in the Habsburg lands. [54] It was the catalyst for revolts in many parts of Mexico, which led to the resignation of Santa Anna from the presidency, never to vie for office again. "La bontà è artificiale". About 4,000 exiles came to the United States fleeing the reactionary purges. In order to exclude absolute monarchists from government, power had alternated between two liberal parties: the center-left Progressive Party, and the center-right Moderate Party. Cet événement a eu une portée considérable, en facilitant … [40] A new constitution of 1848 ended the almost-complete independence of the cantons, transforming Switzerland into a federal state. [citation needed]. While no revolution occurred in Spain in the year 1848, a similar phenomenon occurred. The European revolutions erupted at a moment when the political regime in Spain faced great criticism from within one of its two main parties, and by 1854 a radical-liberal revolution and a conservative-liberal counter-revolution had both occurred. Preschool Learning - Counting Pumpkins - Littlestorybug. Compra online il PDF di D'Holbach, Spinoza et la Révolution anglaise, Goggi, Gianluigi - Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali ; Fabrizio Serra - Articolo [31] The liberal constitution did not extend to Schleswig, leaving the Schleswig-Holstein Question unanswered. Browse. The revolutions arose from such a wide variety of causes that it is difficult to view them as resulting from a coherent movement or set of social phenomena. Their participation in the revolutions, however, differed. From March 1848 through July 1849, the Habsburg Austrian Empire was threatened by revolutionary movements, which often had a nationalist character. The Hungarian Initiatives Foundation. A long gunfight with around 50 armed Royal Irish Constables ended when police reinforcements arrived. [37] As result of the defeat, Hungary was thus placed under brutal martial law. This tendency grew into a movement for social, cultural and political reform during the 1830s, and in 1839 was realized into a political association called Young Ireland. Thème : Italie -- 1848 (Révolution) Origine : RAMEAU Data 1/4 data.bnf.fr. The Sonderbund was decisively defeated by the Protestant cantons, which had a larger population. Some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class, the upsurge of nationalism, the regrouping of established government forces,[3] and the European Potato Failure, which triggered mass starvation, migration, and civil unrest.[4]. The European Revolutions of 1848 (1994)p.90, Siemann, Wolfram, The German Revolution of 1848–1849 (London, 1998), p. 39. Posted by Carol STOTT LEGRAND at 07:42 No comments: Email This BlogThis! He took power in 1849 and launched major reforms, abolishing slavery and the death penalty, and providing freedom of the press and of religion. The spark for the Young Irelander Revolution came in 1848 when the British Parliament passed the "Crime and Outrage Bill". Traditional artisans felt the pressure of industrialization, having lost their guilds. Vidéo élèves de fin d'année sur l'ancien programme de seconde en histoire. The 1840s had seen the emergence of radical liberal publications such as Rheinische Zeitung (1842); Le National and La Réforme (1843) in France; Ignaz Kuranda's Grenzboten (1841) in Austria; Lajos Kossuth's Pesti Hírlap (1841) in Hungary, as well as the increased popularity of the older Morgenbladet in Norway and the Aftonbladet in Sweden. [citation needed]. The Council (1848–1851) was headed by the Greek-Catholic Bishop Gregory Yakhimovich and consisted of 30 permanent members. La Révolution anglaise. The king accepted a new constitution agreeing to share power with a bicameral parliament called the Rigsdag. Appena le avremo esaminate le pubblicheremo sul nostro sito. The revolts first erupted in the cities. [5] However the coalitions did not hold together for long. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in the European history. Altrimenti, visualizza La rivoluzione francese del 1848 o terza rivoluzione francese è la seconda rivoluzione avvenuta in Francia nel XIX secolo, dopo quella del luglio 1830: sotto la spinta dell'opposizione liberale, repubblicana e socialista al governo Guizot, i parigini si sollevano il 22 febbraio 1848 prendendo il controllo della città, con il monarca Luigi Filippo che rinuncia a soffocare con le armi la rivolta e abdica il 24 febbraio, mentre il governo provvisorio rivoluzionario proclama … Some of the reformers were encouraged by events in France in particular. On 19 April 1848, a group of representatives led by the Greek Catholic clergy launched a petition to the Austrian Emperor. A number of small local riots broke out, concentrated in the sillon industriel industrial region of the provinces of Liège and Hainaut. Schroeder, Paul in Blanning, T. C. W. The American Revolution- The struggle by which the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic seaboard of North America won independence from Great Britain and became the United States. [38], On 2 May 1848, the Supreme Ruthenian (Ukrainian) Council was established. Sembra che tu sia in Stati Uniti. Vuoi dare un altro sguardo a questa recensione? The same might be said of Switzerland, where a new constitutional regime was introduced in 1848: the Swiss Federal Constitution was a revolution of sorts, laying the foundation of Swiss society as it is today. During those months, the constitution was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of an Italian confederation of states. "The US and the 1848 Hungarian Revolution." by Bernard COTTRET. [47], Russia's relative stability was attributed to the revolutionary groups' inability to communicate with each other. The national-liberal movement wanted to abolish absolutism, but retain a strongly centralized state. Some historians emphasize the serious crop failures, particularly those of 1846, that produced hardship among peasants and the working urban poor. Une conférence de 1973 où H. Guillemin retrace les évènements de 1848, une des révolutions majeurs en France. [44] Belgian authorities expelled Karl Marx himself from Brussels in early March on accusations of having used part of his inheritance to arm Belgian revolutionaries. Per ulteriori informazioni, leggi la nostra The center of the Ukrainian national movement was in Galicia, which is today divided between Ukraine and Poland. [72], Series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848, Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution, 1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes. [25], The revolutions suffer a series of defeats in summer 1849. Numerous changes had been taking place in European society throughout the first half of the 19th century. The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Spring of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. Grazie! [35] These events resulted in Klemens von Metternich, the Austrian prince and foreign minister, resigning. [64], In the post-revolutionary decade after 1848, little had visibly changed, and many historians considered the revolutions a failure, given the seeming lack of permanent structural changes. Led by well-educated students and intellectuals,[29] they demanded German national unity, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. In the long run, the passive resistance following the revolution, along with the crushing Austrian defeat in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, led to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867), which marked the birth of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Sfoglia i titoli che puoi vincere con i punti. The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples[2] or the Spring of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. [12][13], Rural population growth had led to food shortages, land pressure, and migration, both within and from Europe, especially to the Americas. Stiamo attualmente rivedendo la tua richiesta. The Bill was essentially a declaration of martial law in Ireland, designed to create a counter-insurgency against the growing Irish nationalist movement.[46]. Over the next years, two revolutions occurred. About 4,000 German exiles arrived and some became fervent Republicans in the 1850s, such as Carl Schurz. Cent trente-quatre ans avant les États-Unis, cent cinquante ans avant la France, l'Angleterre accomplit sa double révolution politique et sociale. Many unskilled laborers toiled from 12 to 15 hours per day when they had work, living in squalid, disease-ridden slums. Some social reforms proved permanent, and years later nationalists in Germany, Italy, and Hungary gained their objectives.[26]. Authors; But the end results were not as comprehensive as many had hoped. ", Berger, Helge, and Mark Spoerer. [7], The liberalization of trade laws and the growth of factories had increased the gulf between master tradesmen, and journeymen and apprentices, whose numbers increased disproportionately by 93% from 1815 to 1848 in Germany. Many governments engaged in a partial reversal of the revolutionary reforms of 1848–1849, as well as heightened repression and censorship. But as in other European states, a current inspired by Radicalism criticized the conservative-liberals for pursuing the aim of democratic equality with excessive compromise and gradualism. The leading rebels like Kossuth fled into exile or were executed. Revue des Deux Mondes: 1 ottobre 1848: L’Italie et la révolution italienne de 1848: La guerre de Lombardie. Reinhard Rürup in Dowe, Dieter ed., Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, History of Denmark § Nationalism and liberalism, renewed warfare in 1863 and the Prussian victory in 1864, Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801, burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal, The European subsistence crisis of 1845–1850: a comparative perspective, XIV International Economic History Congress of the International Economic History Association, http://www.hungaryfoundation.org/history/20140707_US_HUN_1848, "Serbia's Role in the Conflict in Vojvodina, 1848–49", Maps of Europe showing the Revolutions of 1848–1849 at omniatlas.com, Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists, Museum of the Risorgimento (Castelfidardo), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_1848&oldid=999173083, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples, Year of Revolution.

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