Louis XVI was constrained by the worsening financial situation of the kingdom from making major changes to the palace, so that he primarily focused on improvements to the royal apartments. With the exception of the state visit of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1855, at which time the gardens were a setting for a gala fête that recalled the fêtes of Louis XIV, Napoléon III ignored the château, preferring instead the château of Compiègne (Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). Between 1704 and 1709, bosquets were modified, some quite radically, with new names suggesting the new austerity that characterized the latter years of Louis XIV's reign. The Salon of Abundance was the antechamber to the Cabinet of Curios (now the Games Room), which displayed Louis XIV's collection of precious jewels and rare objects. It is difficult – if not impossible – to give an accurate rate of exchange between 1682 and today. ", Mâle, Émile. In her theater she played a part in one of the first performances of the play The Marriage of Figaro by Pierre Beaumarchais, which helped ensure its success. 1693, "Vue de l'Orangerie" by Jean Cotelle, ca. (Marie, 1984; Thompson, 2006). "Entrée du Labyrinthe" by Jean Cotelle, ca. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors, was completed in 2006. 1693, "Bassin du Dragon" by Jean Cotelle, ca. He also added two grottos in the Italian style and an immense orangerie to house fruit trees, as well as a zoo with a central pavilion for exotic animals. [46] Covered by around a million square feet (10 hectares) of roof, the palace has 2,143 windows, 1,252 chimneys, and 67 staircases.[47]. Bosquet de la Renommée—Bosquet des Dômes It was also used for large events, such as full-dress and masked balls. Even the mirrors used in the decoration of the Hall of Mirrors were made in France. Opening & closing timings, parking options, restaurants nearby or what to see on your visit to Salle Du Jeu De Paume? Bosquet of the Salle de Bal, contemporary view. ", Weber, Gerold. [8], In 1662, minor modifications to the château were undertaken; however, greater attention was given to developing the gardens. The palace has also been a site of historical importance. In 1685, the Machine de Marly came into full operation. Atop the mansard slate roof are elaborate dormer windows and gilt lead roof dressings that were added by Hardouin-Mansart in 1679–1681. The Queen's apartments and the King's Apartments were laid out on the same design, each suite having seven rooms. Before entering the King's State Apartments, one had to climb the Ambassadors Staircase - a suitable entrance as its magnificence matched the grandness of the apartments. Designed by André Le Nôtre, the Grand Canal is the masterpiece of the Gardens of Versailles. Find art you love and shop high-quality art prints, photographs, framed artworks and posters at Art.com. 1693, "Parterre du Nord" by Étienne Allegrain, ca. With this new phase of construction, the gardens assumed the topographical and iconological design vocabulary that would remain in force until the 18th century. The gardens and park were also enlarged, laid out by Jacques Boyceau and his nephew, Jacques de Menours (1591–1637), and reached essentially the size they have today. They were bordered with high trees and carefully trimmed in cubic forms to resemble rooms with walls of greenery. Surrounding a central area paved with colored stone, a channel was decorated with twenty statues on plinths each separated by three jets of water. Exterior of the Grotte de Thétysby Jean Le Pautre, 1672, Interior of the Grotte de Thétysby Jean Le Pautre, 1676, Apollo's horses groomed by two Tritons by Gilles Guérin, ca. The most ornate façade, with Corinthian columns, faced the French landscape garden. 5 In anticipation: For the silver balustrade for the king's bedroom: 90,000 livres, II. As André Félibien noted in his description of Versailles, solar and apollonian themes predominated with projects constructed at this time: "Since the sun was the emblem of Louis XIV, and that poets join the sun and Apollo, there is nothing in this superb house that does not relation to this divinity. It shows Louis XIV, facing the powers of Europe, turning away from his pleasures to accept a crown of immortality from Glory, with the encouragement of Mars. In 1817, Louis XVIII ordered the conversion of the Île du Roi and the Miroir d'Eau into an English-style garden – the Jardin du Roi. [52] At the time of its creation, Versailles was transitioning to reflect governmental power and authority instead of a private home for the crown. 60.9375 x 50.875 in. In 1783, the Palace was the site of the signing of three treaties of the Peace of Paris (1783), in which the United Kingdom recognized the independence of the United States. "The Parterre d'eau at Versailles: an eighteenth-century recollection. Daily services, wedding ceremonies, and baptisms were held in this chapel until 1789. Une salle "Louis-Philippe" fut dédiée à l'exposition des nombreuses toiles commandées par le roi. It was as the cave of the sea nymph Thetis, where Apollo rested after driving his chariot to light the sky. This system brought an additional 72,000 m3 of water to the gardens (Thompson, 2006). The fountains in this area all have a maritime or aquatic theme; the Pyramid Fountain is decorated with Tritons, Sirens, dolphins and nymphs. What can I say when you are lucky enough to lived there for almost 10 years and worked in Paris.… Well I have come back several times and have many posts on it in my blog. While the design used for the chambre du roi was, in fact, from the original design to decorate the chambre de la reine, it nevertheless represents a great achievement in the ongoing restoration at Versailles. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin, the future Louis XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. ", Souchal, François. Versailles, Du Bus plan With Louis XIII's final purchase of lands from Jean-François de Gondi in 1632 and his assumption of the seigneurial role of Versailles in the 1630s, formal gardens were laid out west of the château. By the mid-eighteenth century, other members of the royal family, the King's mistress Madame du Barry, and certain high-level courtiers had also installed their own water closets. To avoid potential data charges from your carrier, we recommend making sure your device is connected to a Wi-Fi network before downloading. 215–229. The Grande Commande, as the commission is known, comprised twenty-four statues of the classic quaternities and four additional statues depicting abductions from the classic past. One of the most costly elements in the furnishing of the grands appartements during the early years of the personal reign of Louis XIV was the silver furniture, which can be taken as a standard – with other criteria – for determining a plausible cost for Versailles. For everyone else, water was carried by a small army of water carriers to the upper floors, filling copper tanks in the private appartements of the courtiers. For economy and speed, the new opera was built almost entirely of wood, which also gave it very high quality acoustics. In the center, a 3-storey avant-corps fronted with eight red marble columns supporting a gilded wrought-iron balcony is surmounted with a triangle of lead statuary surrounding a large clock, whose hands were stopped upon the death of Louis XIV. The central painting on the ceiling, by Charles de la Fosse, depicts the Sun Chariot of Apollo, the King's favorite emblem, pulled by four horses and surrounded by the four seasons. The Salon of Apollo was the royal throne room under Louis XIV, and was the setting for formal audiences. The increasing demand for water and the stress placed on existing systems of water supply necessitated newer measures to increase the water supplied to Versailles. Located on the site of Le Nôtre's Bosquet des Sources, this bosquet featured a circular peristyle formed from thirty-two arches with twenty-eight fountains and was Hardouin-Mansart's most architectural of the bosquets built in the gardens of Versailles (Marie 1972, 1976; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985), Due to financial constraints arising from the War of the League of Augsburg and the War of the Spanish Succession, no significant work on the gardens was undertaken until 1704. [95], One of the most celebrated features of the park is the Hameau de la Reine, a small rustic hamlet near the Petit Trianon created for Queen Marie Antoinette between 1783 and 1785 by the royal architect Richard Mique with the help of the painter Hubert Robert. This column in Sèvres porcelain (1807), commemorating the victories of Napoléon I at the time of the German Campaign in 1805, stands in the center of Salle du Sacre (Coronation Room), formerly the King's Guardroom, at Château de Versailles. Ayers 2004, pp. The Orangerie is located beneath the main terrace of the palace, on which the North and South Parterres rest. Berger I, 1985; Bottineau, 1988; Mariage, 1986; Marie, 1968; Nolhac, 1901, 1925; Thompson, 2006; Verlet, 1961, 1985; Waltisperger, 1984; Weber, 1993. Entries for 1681 and 1682 concerning the silver balustrade used in the salon de Mercure serve as an example: II. (Marie 1968; Nolhac 1901, 1925; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). L'Echo du Rocher. 152.4 × 127 cm. Beyond the surrounding belt of woodland, the gardens are bordered by the urban areas of Versailles to the east and Le Chesnay to the north-east, by the National Arboretum de Chèvreloup to the north, the Versailles plain (a protected wildlife preserve) to the west, and by the Satory Forest to the south. [94], The largest part of the garden is divided into geometric bosquets, compartment-like groves; eight on the north side of the garden, and six to the south. [46] Water from the pond was pumped to the reservoir on top of the Grotte de Thétys, which fed the fountains in the garden by means of gravitational hydraulics. ", Bottineau, Yves. His main contributions were the construction of the Salon of Hercules, which connected the main building of the Palace with the north wing and the chapel (1724–36); and the royal opera theater, designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and built between 1769 and 1770. [71] The main statuary group of Latona with Diana and Apollo was created between 1668 and 1670 by the sculptor Gaspard Marsy and originally placed on a modest foundation of rocks in the middle of the basin. The water for the elaborate waterworks was conveyed from the Seine by the Machine de Marly. Owing to the natural cycle of replantations that has occurred at Versailles, it is safe to state that no trees dating from the time of Louis XIV are to be found in the gardens. Most significant among the creations at this time were the Versailles Orangerie and the "Grotte de Thétys". Common to any long-lived garden is replantation, and Versailles is no exception. This, however, was not achieved as the topology of the gardens favored the jardin à la française over an English-style garden. [40] After the war when Soviet authorities were restoring the palace, which had been gutted by the retreating Nazi forces, they recreated the silk fabrics by using preserved 18th-century remnants. All fleurs-de-lys and royal emblems on the buildings were chambered or chiseled off. (Marie 1972, 1975; Nolhac 1901, 1925; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985), Modifications in the gardens during the third building campaign were distinguished by a stylistic change from the natural esthetic of André Le Nôtre to the architectonic style of Jules Hardouin Mansart. In 1870, a violent storm struck the area damaging and uprooting scores of trees, which necessitated a massive replantation program. Because of this tree, the bosquet was also known as the Bosquet du Chêne Vert. On the ground floor under the King's apartment was another apartment, the same size, designed for his private life, and decorated on the theme of Apollo, the Sun god, his personal emblem. The palace was largely completed by the death of Louis XIV in 1715. Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon, marquis de. Not far from the Petit Trianon she had the Rock Pavilion constructed, and added the classical rotunda of the Temple of Love, built in 1777. In 1682, the southern bosquet was remodeled as the Bosquet de la Girondole, thus named due to spoke-like arrangement of the central fountain. Palace of Versailles Salle de 1792. For example, labour for construction was often low, due largely to the fact that the army during times of peace and during the winter, when wars were not waged, was pressed into action at Versailles. Inspired by the architecture of baroque Italian villas, but executed in the French classical style, the garden front and wings were encased in white cut ashlar stone known as the enveloppe in 1668-1671 by Le Vau and modified by Hardouin-Mansart in 1678–1679. As part of the reorganization of the garden that was ordered by Louis XIV in the early part of the 18th century, the Apollo grouping was moved once again to the site of the Bosquet du Marais – located near the Latona Fountain – which was destroyed and was replaced by the new Bosquet des Bains d'Apollon. The furnishings and art of the Palace, including the furniture, mirrors, baths and kitchen equipment, were sold in seventeen thousand lots. Fujicolor Crystal Archive Print mounted to Dibond. (Thompson 2006). The French Senate continues to meet in the Palace on special occasions, such as the amendment of the French Constitution. "Les statues aux façades du château de Versailles. [45], The Marble Court and facades of the first Chateau, embellished by Louis Le Vau (1661–68) and then Hardouin-Mansart in (1679–1681), Plan of the main floor (c. 1837, with north to the right), showing the Hall of Mirrors in red, the Hall of Battles in green, the Royal Chapel in yellow, and the Royal Opera in blue, The facade facing the garden, with the royal apartments and the Gallery of Mirrors between them[citation needed]. Yet, the very element that animates the gardens, water, has proven to be the affliction of the gardens since the time of Louis XIV. "Le labyrinthe et l'esprit du XVIIe. (Marie 1972, 1975; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985), Pièce d'eau des Suisses Interspersed with gilt lead torchères, which supported candelabra for illumination, the Salle de Bal was inaugurated in 1683 by Louis XIV's son, the Grand Dauphin, with a dance party. 1693, "Bosquet du Marais" by Jean Cotelle, ca. Most of the apartments of the palace were entirely demolished (in the main building, practically all of the apartments were annihilated, with only the apartments of the king and queen remaining almost intact), and turned into a series of several large rooms and galleries: the Coronation Room (whose original volume was left untouched by Louis-Philippe), which displays the celebrated painting of the coronation of Napoleon I by Jacques-Louis David; the Hall of Battles; commemorating French victories with large-scale paintings; and the 1830 room, which celebrated Louis-Philippe's own coming to power in the French Revolution of 1830. For the extensive park around the palace, see, "Versailles" redirects here. The two apartments were separated by a marble terrace, overlooking the garden, with a fountain in the center. The grotto was a freestanding structure located just north of the château. … In addition to the expansion of existing bosquets and the construction of new ones, there were two additional projects that defined this era, the Bassin des Sapins and the Pièce d'eau des Suisses. He succeeded in preventing further dispersing of the Grand Parc and threats to destroy the Petit Parc were abolished by suggesting that the parterres could be used to plant vegetable gardens and that orchards could occupy the open areas of the garden. In the château, a suite of rooms was arranged for the use of the empress Marie-Louise, but the gardens were left unchanged, save for the disastrous felling trees in the Bosquet de l'Arc de Triomphe and the Bosquet des Trois Fontaines. Galerie d'Eau - Galerie des Antiques - Salle des Marronniers The bosquets were created for Louis XIV between 1680 and 1690. (Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985), With the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, the gardens of Versailles witnessed the first modifications since the Revolution. [70] They are the finest example of the jardin à la française, or the French formal garden. Le Brun supervised the work of a large group of sculptors and painters, called the Petite Academie, who crafted and painted the ornate walls and ceilings. (Hedin 1992; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985), During this phase of construction, three of the garden's major bosquets were modified or created. Other painters featured include Horace Vernet and François Gérard. With a length of 1,500 metres and a width of 62 metres, the Grand Canal,[14] which was built between 1668 and 1671, physically and visually prolongs the east–west axis to the walls of the Grand Parc. Salle de Versailles A stunning Old World atmosphere is evoked with a foyer and ballroom that are embellished with hand-painted gold-leafed walls, Venetian-inspired murals, crystal chandeliers and marble floors. During the winter of 1774–1775, Louis XVI ordered the replanting of the gardens on the grounds that many of the trees were diseased or overgrown and needed to be replaced. [17] In 1664, Louis XIV commissioned a series of statues intended to decorate the water feature of the Parterre d'Eau. [74] When the project began in 2012, the foundation of the main basin had seriously weakened and was no longer watertight, threatening the fountain above. [82] The aqueduct was intended to carry water by gravity from a high reservoir near the river, through the gardens of the Château de Maintenon, to Versailles. [36], The Palace briefly returned to the world stage in June 1919, when the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War, was signed in the Hall of Mirrors. 15 16 June 1681 – 23 January 1682 to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths on account for the silver balustrade that they are making for the king's use (four payments): 88,457 livres 5 sols. The new Opera was inaugurated on May 16, 1770, as part of the celebration of the royal wedding. Once the king passed a fountain in play, it would be turned off and the fountaineer would signal that the next fountain could be turned on (Thompson, 2006). In 1682 Louis XIV was able to proclaim Versailles his principal residence and the seat of the government and was able to give rooms in the palace to almost all of his courtiers. "Essais sur le Versailles de Louis XIV I: La distribution du château Versailles, le plan du domaine et de la ville.". 1693, "Bosquet des Bains d'Apollon" by Pierre-Denis Martin (Martin le Jeune), ca. This early layout, which has survived in the so-called Du Bus plan of c.1662, shows an established topography along which lines of the gardens evolved. In 1672, Jean-Baptiste Colbert devised a system by which the fountaineers in the garden would signal each other with whistles upon the approach of the king indicating that their fountain needed to be turned on. [64], The paintings on the ceiling display scenes depicting the three figures of the trinity. [99] For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of International Criminal Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in January 2000 (ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam), and in March 2003 (specifying the "decentralized organization" of the French Republic). An exhibition of Robert Polidori’s acclaimed photographic project ''Versailles'' is now on display at Mary Boone Gallery in Chelsea, New York.The outcome of almost three decades of fascination with and documentation of the restoration works at the flamboyant palace near the French capital, Polidori’s images focus on the signs of time and wear, as well as the effort required for preserving … (Nolhac 1899, 1902), The "Grotte de Thétys", which was located to the north of the château, formed part of the iconography of the château and of the gardens that aligned Louis XIV with solar imagery. Technically, the "'Grotte de Thétys" played a critical role in the hydraulic system that supplied water to the garden. The attic storey has square windows and pilasters and crowned by a balustrade bearing sculptured trophies and flame pots dissimulating a flat roof. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral French Parliament—consisting of the Senate (Sénat) and the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)—meet in joint session (a congress of the French Parliament) in Versailles[97] to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution, a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution. Beyond the channel and placed at the cardinal points within the bosquet were four additional fountains. The campaign dates are as follows: First building campaign, 1661–1666; Second building campaign, 1670–1678; Third building campaign, 1680–1687; Fourth building campaign, 1704–1715. As a result of this fête – particularly the lack of housing for guests (most of them had to sleep in their carriages), Louis realized the shortcomings of Versailles and began to expand the château and the gardens once again. In 1674, as a result of a series of diplomatic arrangements that benefited Louis XIV, the king ordered the construction of Petite Venise (Little Venice). ", Hedin, Thomas. A century later, in 1817, Louis XVIII ordered the Île du Roi and the Miroir d'Eau to be completely remodeled as an English-style garden. She was at the Petit Trianon in July 1789 when she first heard the news from Paris of the storming of the Bastille and the beginning of the French Revolution. ", Friedman, Ann. Despite the fact that the gardens consumed more water per day than the entire city of Paris, the Machine de Marly remained in operation until 1817 (Thompson, 2006). The Dragon Fountain is one of the oldest at Versailles and has the highest jet of water, twenty-seven meters. Later modifications in the garden would transform this fountain into the Bassin de Neptune. The central island was replaced by a large basin raised on five steps, which was surrounded by a canal. Following the Franco-German War in 1871 and then the Paris Commune until 1875, the French National Assembly met in the opera, until the proclamation of the Third French Republic and the return of the government to Paris. II. 1693, "Vue de l'intérieur du bosquet du Labyrinthe" by Jean Cotelle, ca. See 9 photos and 1 tip from 105 visitors to Bosquet de la Salle de Bal. In 1793, the Convention declared the abolition of the monarchy, and ordered all of the royal property in the Palace to be sold at auction. The twenty-four crystal chandeliers were hung only for special occasions. [7] At every stage the prescribed tour was carefully managed, under the Sun King's directions. … [13] Occupying the site of Rondeau/Bassin des Cygnes of Louis XIII, the Apollo Fountain, which was constructed between 1668 and 1671, depicts the sun god driving his chariot to light the sky. [26] Louis XVI gave Marie Antoinette the Petit Trianon in 1774. [5], In 1661, after the disgrace of the finance minister Nicolas Fouquet, who was accused by rivals of embezzling crown funds in order to build his luxurious château at Vaux-le-Vicomte, Louis XIV turned his attention to Versailles. Beginning with the Galerie des Antiques,[35] this bosquet was constructed in 1680 on the site of the earlier and short-lived Galerie d'Eau (1678). The grotto would be completed during the second building campaign. Ayers 2004,also includes 700 rooms. (Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985), In 1792, under order from the National Convention, some of the trees in gardens were felled, while parts of the Grand Parc were parceled and dispersed. With this measure of economy, fountains still consumed 12,800 m3 of water per day, far above the capacity of the existing supplies. He and his successors Louis XV and Louis XVI used these rooms for official functions, such as the ceremonial lever ("waking up") and the coucher ("going to bed") of the monarch, which were attended by a crowd of courtiers. In 1676, this bosquet, located to the east of the Allée des Marmousets and forming the pendant to the Bosquet des Trois Fontaines, was enlarged and redecorated along political lines that alluded to French military victories over Spain and Austria, at which time the triumphal arch was added – hence the name. [32] Neither he nor his successor Charles X lived at Versailles.[31]. It was designed by Le Brun and made by the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Tuby at the Gobelins Manufactory between 1668 and 1670, cast in lead and then gilded. Under the direction of Jules Hardouin-Mansart, the bosquet was completely remodeled in 1706. The King defeated the plot and sent his mother into exile. [61], The King's bedchamber had originally been a Drawing Room before Louis XIV transformed it into his own bedroom in 1701. Water from the Grand Canal was pumped back to the reservoir on the roof of the Grotte de Thétys via a network of windmill-powered and horse-powered pumps. Also, as the formality of the 17th-century garden had fallen out of fashion, this replantation sought to establish a new informality in the gardens – that would also be less expensive to maintain – of Versailles. 1670, Apollo attended by nymphsby François Girardon and Thomas Regnaudin, ca. ", Nolhac, Pierre de. In 1679, Mme de Maintenon stated that the cost of providing light and food for twelve people for one day amounted to slightly more than 14 livres. The marvel of the gardens of Versailles – then as now – is the fountains. [63], The Royal Chapel, seen from the Royal Gallery, The Royal Chapel, the tallest building of the Palace, Glory holding a portrait of Louis XV, by Antoine Vassé, in the chapel vestibule, The chapel was the last building at Versailles to be completed during the reign of Louis XIV. These additions were removed in 1708. During the Grandes Eaux, water is circulated by means of modern pumps from the Grand Canal to the reservoirs. Construction was begun by Hardouin-Mansart in 1699, and was completed by de Corte. As the only remnant of the rooms that Louis-Philippe devoted to the French Revolution, the 1792 Room offers the keys to understanding the king’s political and historic project. The Salle de Bal was inaugurated in 1685 with a ball hosted by the Grand Dauphin. Additionally, to accommodate the anticipated construction of the Aile des Nobles – the north wing of the château – the Grotte de Thétys was demolished. Edging the pool were metal reeds that concealed numerous jets for water; a swan that had water jetting from its beak occupied each corner. In 1722, Louis XV and the court returned to Versailles. Engendered by a change in outlook as advocated by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Philosophes, the winter of 1774–1775 witnessed a complete replanting of the gardens. During the reign of Louis XVI, Hubert Robert remodeled the bosquet, creating a cave-like setting for the Marsy statues. Salle des Festins - Salle du Conseil - Bosquet de l'Obélisque Vacheron Constantin is the world’s oldest watch manufacturer in continuous production for over 260 years. The Gobelins were charged with all decoration needs of the palace, which was under the direction of Charles Le Brun.[109]. They occupied the main or principal floor of the château neuf, with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. One of the most lavish was the banquet that he hosted for Queen Victoria in the Royal Opera of Versailles on August 25, 1855. [28], The King and Queen learned of the storming of the Bastille in Paris on July 14, 1789, while they were at the Palace, and remained isolated there as the Revolution in Paris spread. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House. [29], As soon as the royal family departed, the Palace was closed, awaiting their return—but in fact, the monarchy would never again return to Versailles. (Nolhac 1901, 1925) The Orangery, which was designed by Louis Le Vau, was located south of the château, a situation that took advantage of the natural slope of the hill. It features a semi-circular cascade that forms the backdrop for this green area. The king's State Apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. Maison de style SHOEBOX, 2 + 1chambres, walk-in dans ccp, salle de bains du rdc a été refaite l'an passé avec plancher chauffant, cuisine rénovée avec ilôt central mobile, porte-patio avec store integré, sous-sol fini avec 2e sdb complète + salle de lavage séparée, thermo-pompe, toiture refaite, grande terrasse arrière, Garage et un stationnement.